Native to the Mediterranean area, fennel was considered a magical herb that could ward off evil. It is referenced in the myths and folklore of many countries. The name is derived from the Latin foenum meaning 'hay.' An early Greek name for fennel was marathron meaning 'to grow thin.' It was associated with weight loss in medieval times. The seeds are considered an appetite suppressant.
Description
The plant's long, carrot-shaped root produces a round, finely grooved stem with bluish stripes. The dark green leaves are alternately branched from joints on the stem and dissected into numerous filiform segments. The small yellow flowers are on large compound umbels. The oblong fruit has prominent ribs.
Plant type and hardiness
Semihardy perennial; hardiness zone 6.
Height and width
Height 48 to 80 inches; width 36 inches.
Light and soil
Full sun; average, very well-drained soil with a pH of 6.5.
Pests and disease
None noted.
Cultivation
In late spring or early summer, sow seeds directly into the garden in shallow drills about 6 to 12 inches apart. Thin seedlings to 8 inches apart. Heavy clay soils will hinder seed growth. Keep beds moist until the first few leaves appear; then do not overwater.
Propagation method
Seeds.
Bloom time and color
July to October; yellow.
Harvesting
The foliage of fennel cannot be dried successfully because of its high moisture content. It can be chopped, covered with water, and frozen in ice cube trays. Sprigs can be frozen wrapped in foil for some weeks. To dry seeds, harvest in autumn. Snip off heads and dry for a few days. Shake out seeds and store in an airtight container.
Herbal uses
Aromatic, cosmetic, culinary, decorative, and medicinal. Fennel adds fragrance to creams, perfumes, soaps, liqueurs, and potpourris. An infusion of ground stems is used for cleansing and medicating the skin. The licorice-flavored plant is used in sauces, soups, stews, and salads and as garnish for fish. The stems can be eaten like celery, and the roots can be boiled as a vegetable. The seeds can be used whole or ground in desserts, breads, cakes, cookies, teas, and beverages. The plant is used to make bright yellow or gold dye. It also can be grown in large containers. Fennel is said to have some medicinal qualities.
Insider's Secret
Do not plant fennel near coriander, caraway, or wormwood as they hinder each other's
growth. Also, do not plant near tomatoes or dwarf green beans. Plants should be supported when the bright yellow flower heads form. The umbels of flowers resemble those of dill, except that they are larger. The leaf sheaths surrounding the base of the flower petioles and stems have a licorice flavor.
